A guide to the historic Italian forests classified by type: Apennine and Alpine beech woods, the oaks of the plain, Mediterranean holm oaks,
After the one of medieval and modern deforestation, the Italy of the 21st century is rediscovering its woods. From 1960 to 2020, the Italian forest area grew by 65%, from 5 million to 9.5 million hectares, due to the abandonment of the marginal farmland. But not all forests are equal: the "young" woods of 50-80 years that cover the abandoned hills aren't comparable to the fragments of ancient forest that have kept growing for centuries. This guide focuses on the woods with history, not on the quantity, but on the quality of the time.
The beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the tree that defines the Apennine mountains between 900 and 1,900 m of elevation. It's not a coincidence that the Italian words "faggio" and "Fagus" share the same root with the Greek word "phagein" (to eat), the beechnuts (the beech's fruit) were a food source for humans and animals. The most important Italian beech woods were classified UNESCO heritage in 2017 together with other primary European forests: the Sasso Fratino Reserve (AR-FC), the beech woods of the Cilento (SA), the Gargano beech wood (FG, the Foresta Umbra), the beech woods of the Abruzzo National Park (AQ).
The beech woods have an extraordinary seasonality: in spring (April-May), the unfurling of the leaves creates an almost phosphorescent lime-green canopy; in summer, the dense shade keeps temperatures 8-10°C lower than the open wood; in autumn (October-November), the yellow-orange of the foliage on the Apennine ridges is a spectacle that rivals the North American and Japanese woods for beauty but is almost totally ignored by organized tourism.
Italy has 8 native oak species, more than any other European country. The downy oak (Quercus pubescens) is the most common oak of the peninsula: it tolerates the summer drought better than the others, it colonizes the hill bands from Piedmont to Calabria. The Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) dominates the mountain woods of the Center-South (500-900 m). The holm oak (Quercus ilex), evergreen, with glossy leathery leaves, is the oak of the Mediterranean coasts. The pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) is the oak of the plains, almost vanished from the Po valley due to intensive agriculture, it survives in the Mesola Wood (FE) and in some lowland woods of Friuli.
The holm-oak woods, woods of holm oak (Quercus ilex), are the climax vegetation (the final stage of the wood's natural evolution) of the entire Italian coastal band below 600 m: from Liguria to Calabria, from Sardinia to Sicily. The holm oak has persistent, hard, glossy leaves, an evolutionary strategy to reduce transpiration in the Mediterranean summer drought. It doesn't lose its leaves in winter: it replaces them gradually in spring, when the new light-green leaves emerge before the old ones fall. A holm-oak wood in April has at the same time old bronzed leaves and new bright-green ones.
The oldest and most imposing holm-oak woods in Italy: the Bolgheri holm-oak wood (LI), owned by the same Della Gherardesca who produce the Sassicaia, accessible on foot from the village of Bolgheri along the Strada dei Cipressi; the Mezzomonte Wood (Monte Argentario, GR); the Capo Caccia holm-oak wood (SS, Sardinia), protected in the marine reserve.
The Register of the Monumental Trees of Italy (established by Law 10/2013 and managed by MIPAAF) catalogs the trees of exceptional public interest, by age, size, rarity, historical-cultural interest. As of 2023 it counts about 3,700 trees registered across the country. The criteria: a trunk circumference above specific thresholds per species, or a documented age over 100 years, or a significant historical-landscape value. The register can be consulted free online (alberimonumentali.politicheagricole.it) with a record and GPS location of each tree.
| Tree | Species | Place | Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Olive of Luras | Olea europaea | Luras (SS) | 3,000-4,000 years, the oldest in Italy |
| Cypress of Lamole | Cupressus sempervirens | Greve in Chianti (FI) | 600+ years, a twisted trunk |
| Linden of Cavaso | Tilia cordata | Cavaso del Tomba (TV) | 1,000+ years |
| Loricate Pine "Italus" | Pinus leucodermis | Pollino Park | 1,230 years (dendrochronology) |
| Oak of Trieste | Quercus petraea | Trieste (TS) | 700+ years in the Castle park |
| Alder of the Polcevera | Alnus glutinosa | Genoa (GE) | 300+ years in an urban area |
Italian foliage doesn't have the fame of the American or Japanese kind, but it's beautiful and far less crowded. The best areas: the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines between Passo della Cisa and Passo dei Mandrioli (October-November), beech woods on ridges with colors from yellow to red-orange; the Aosta Valley (larches turning yellow in October, intense gold colors in the side valleys like the Valle di Cogne and Valsavarenche); the Dolomites (larches between September and October, a mix of orange and the green of the firs). The exact period varies by 2-3 weeks depending on the year and the altitude, check the local socials to see when the coloring is at its peak.
The Italian lowland wood (of the plain) was dominated, before agriculture, by pedunculate oak, elm, ash, alder, and willow, alluvial woods on the banks of the Po valley rivers and on the coastal plains. Almost vanished (it survives in the Mesola Wood, the Policoro Wood, a few fragments of Friuli). The mountain wood (hill and mountain) is much more extensive: downy oak and manna ash between 200 and 800 m, Turkey oak and hop hornbeam between 400 and 900 m, beech between 800 and 1,800 m, larch and Norway spruce above 1,200 m in the Alps. The ecological difference is enormous: the biodiversity of the lowland woods exceeds that of the mountain woods for the richness of animal species (water birds, amphibians, lowland mammals).
Growing in terms of area (from 5 to 9.5 million hectares in 60 years), but with complexity. The growth is due to the agricultural and pastoral abandonment of the marginal mountain and hill areas: fields no longer cultivated are spontaneously recolonized by shrubs and then by trees. This "spontaneous reforestation" isn't equivalent to a mature forest: many of these young woods have poor biodiversity, a high density of stressed trees (competition), high vulnerability to fires and pathogens. The ecological quality of the Italian wood overall hasn't improved proportionally to the quantity.
You don't need a biologist to understand whether a forest is "ancient" or recent. Walk slowly and look for: the tree diameters, a beech of 80 cm diameter is at least 200-250 years old in the Apennines, one of 120 cm is 350-400; the vertical diversity, a rich forest has seedlings, shrubs, medium-sized trees, and tall trees that alternate (not just trees all of the same height as in a reforestation); the dead wood, a fallen trunk in advanced decomposition (soft, covered in moss, full of insect holes) is the most reliable sign of an unmanaged forest; the spacing of the trees, a natural forest has irregular spacings, not the geometry of a reforestation; the soil flora, the hellebore (Helleborus foetidus), the squill (Scilla bifolia), the Veitsch primrose, the wild violets in the ancient beech woods indicate soil undisturbed for centuries.
Growing, significantly. The Italian forest area went from about 6 million hectares in 1970 to almost 11 million hectares in 2023 (ISTAT/INFC data), almost doubled in 50 years. The reason: the agricultural abandonment of the marginal areas (mountain, hill) has left the field to the natural expansion of the wood. It isn't necessarily all positive, the newly formed forests on former pastures tend to be single-species (beech, hornbeam, black locust) with low biodiversity; some species of meadows and pastures (many birds, orchids, butterflies) are losing habitat precisely because of the reforestation. Reforestation isn't always biodiversity: often it's the opposite.
Italy concentrates in 300,000 km² a variety that elsewhere would require crossing entire continents. Every natural or cultural phenomenon is wrapped in 2,000 years of human history, even the most remote natural areas have traces of settlements, medieval hermitages, ancient trade routes. This adds layers of meaning impossible to find in destinations with less history. The visitor who returns to Italy a second or third time invariably discovers things they had skipped or didn't know how to read the first time.
It depends on the season and the destination. In high season (June-August) in the big cities: the main museums (Colosseum, Vatican, Uffizi, Accademia) have to be booked weeks ahead. Quality restaurants have to be booked 2-7 days ahead. The hotels in the most sought-after destinations sell out months earlier. In low season (November-March, except Christmas) and in the less frequented destinations: you can be much more spontaneous, many excellent trattorias accept walk-ins, the minor museums don't require a booking, the trains have available seats. The general rule: more predictable = cheaper and less stress. Spontaneity has a cost in Italy in high season.
The costs tourists don't budget for: the coperto at the restaurants (€1-3 per person, legal and normal); the parking in the ZTLs of the historic centers (the cameras are everywhere, the fines arrive by mail even to your home); the supplement for checked baggage on the low-cost domestic flights; the surcharge for paying by card in some shops and small trattorias (illegal but practiced); the water at the restaurant (always for a fee in Italy, €2-4 for the bottle, it's never served free as in the USA); the unregulated airport shuttle service (unlicensed taxis in the pickup areas, always use authorized taxis or pre-booked services).
Before leaving: download the Google Maps offline maps for the cities you'll visit (on the plane, with no data, they're very useful); save the number of your consulate in Italy (USA: +39 06 4674 1; UK: +39 06 4220 0001); buy travel insurance with adequate medical coverage; warn your bank that you'll use the card abroad (it avoids the block for "suspicious transactions"); convert €200-300 into cash before leaving (not at the airport, the exchange is terrible) for the first needs; download Trenitalia, Moovit, and Google Translate with the Italian language offline. The Italian emergency number is 112, it works even without an active SIM.
Forest tourism, or "forest bathing" as the Japanese call it with the term shinrin-yoku, is emerging in Italy too as a market niche, but it's still in its early days. In Japan, the government has certified 62 "forest therapy" trails and 48 hospitals based on forest therapy. In Italy, something is moving: the Majella National Park launched a "health trails" project in 2023 with doctors who prescribe walks in the woods; the Bosco di Sant'Antonio in Pescocostanzo collaborates with eco-tourism associations that offer guided "forest immersions"; some agriturismi of the Umbria-Marche Apennines offer weeks of silence in nature as an alternative to the spa resorts. The scientific research supports the benefit: 2 hours in a forest environment measurably reduce cortisol (the stress hormone) and lower blood pressure. The ancient Italian forests, with their biological complexity and their silence, are the ideal setting for this practice.
Yes, with the normal precautions. The Italian forests have no predators dangerous to humans, the wolf is present in the Apennines but extremely shy (chance sightings are very rare). The Marsican bear in the Abruzzo National Park isn't aggressive unless provoked, the Park's guidelines for behavior in the presence of a bear are available on the PNALM site. The real risks in the Italian forests: losing your bearings (always carry a GPS or an offline app like Maps.me with downloaded cartography), the vipers in the sunny terrains (use high boots), the ticks in the low-elevation zones in spring-summer (check your body after every excursion). Always tell someone your route when you go to remote areas.